Leaving behind the old redactional-stages approach (that has tempted many scholars through today), we are really forced to think about what “Jewish” and “Christian” should mean as identity or boundary-categories in the world of this text. Clearly it is too simplistic to lop off the Ascension section as “Christian” and call the Martyrdom section “Jewish,” since the Ascension participates in innumerable ways in a Jewish apocalyptic ascent framework, while the Martyrdom section is deeply enmeshed with the Ascension.